BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER IN SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITIES IN WAMAKKO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, SOKOTO STATE

Abstract

This study assessed the microbiological quality of hand-dug wells and boreholes to determine their safety for domestic use. Water samples from three hand-dug wells and three boreholes were analyzed for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and heterotrophic plate counts. The results revealed a marked contrast between the two sources: all hand-dug wells showed high contamination, with elevated total coliforms (175–185 CFU/100 mL), fecal coliforms (90–98 CFU/100 mL), presence of E. coli, and high microbial loads, indicating unsafe drinking conditions. Boreholes showed lower contamination levels, with one borehole meeting WHO/NSDWQ standards, though two exhibited slight coliform presence. These findings demonstrate that shallow, unprotected wells are highly vulnerable to faecal pollution, while boreholes provide comparatively safer water but still require proper construction and maintenance. The study concludes that improved source protection, regular monitoring, and household water treatment are essential to ensure safe water for the community.