COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ZAP AND BURPSUITE FOR SQL INJECTION DETECTION

Abstract

This study compares the physicochemical properties of raw and bentonite-based bleached palm oil to evaluate the impact of bleaching on oil quality. Crude palm oil (CPO) contains impurities that affect its suitability for consumption and industrial use, making refining essential. In this research, crude palm oil was treated with 5% and 10% bentonite clay, and key physicochemical properties such as saponification value (SV), free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value (IV), and peroxide value (PV) were measured. The results showed significant improvements in oil quality after bleaching. The saponification value increased from 30.6 mg KOH/g in raw oil to 131.8 mg KOH/g in the 10% bleached sample, indicating the breakdown of triglycerides into shorter-chain fatty acids. The FFA and iodine values decreased, while the peroxide value dropped from 100 meq O₂/kg in raw oil to 36.7 meq O₂/kg in the 10% bleached oil, reflecting better oxidative stability. The oil recovery after bleaching was 87.07% for 5% bentonite and 77.33% for 10%, showing a reduction in oil yield with higher clay dosage due to increased adsorption. The findings suggest that bentonite-based bleaching is an effective, low-cost method for improving the quality and stability of palm oil, with the 10% bentonite dosage providing the best results. However, further optimization is needed to balance oil recovery and quality. This study highlights bentonite as a promising bleaching agent for sustainable palm oil refining.